CONTRIBUTION TO THE MODELIZATION, ANALYTICAL AND NUMERICAL, OF GENERATION AND PROPAGATION OF VIBRATIONS ORIGINATED BY RAILWAY TRAFFIC. ANALYSIS OF MITIGATION PROPOSALS

Tesis por compendioReal Herráiz, JI. (2015). CONTRIBUTION TO THE MODELIZATION, ANALYTICAL AND NUMERICAL, OF GENERATION AND PROPAGATION OF VIBRATIONS ORIGINATED BY RAILWAY TRAFFIC. ANALYSIS OF MITIGATION PROPOSALS [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/52247TESISCompendi

Study of the mitigation of tram-induced vibrations on different track typologies

Nowadays there is a growing development of urban tram and underground networks with the aim of improving resident s mobility and reducing the environmental impact. Among the issues related to this fact one finds the vibration generated by the vehicles and transmitted through the track and the ground. This may cause an important impact for both residents and structures. In order to study this phenomenon, a comprehensive campaign of measurements has been carried out in certain sections of the tram network in Alicante (Spain). In addition, an analytical model has been developed and calibrated with part of the data obtained. Using both experimental measures and the computer model vibration within the track is analyzed. Special attention is paid to the alleviation capability of the different materials and typologies present in the track. From this study, a strong relation between the Young Modulus and the frequency range alleviated by each material is obtained, and more rigid typologies are shown to be more efficient for low frequency vibrations which are the ones potentially disturbing for humans.Real Herráiz, JI.; Zamorano, C.; Asensio Serrano, T.; Real, T. (2013). Study of the mitigation of tram-induced vibrations on different track typologies. Journal of Vibroengineering. 15(4):2057-2075. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/56933S2057207515

Development of a system to obtain vertical track geometry measuring axle-box accelerations from in-service trains

Nowadays, metropolitan railway systems are in great demand, so they offer high-frequency services for the most part of the day. Therefore there are only a few hours during night available to carry out maintenance tasks. This research develops a system that records the vertical accelerations undergone by the bogies of in-service railway vehicles. As accelerations are measured during regular services of trains, no additional vehicles or personnel are needed and maintenance planning is optimized. Accelerations are processed to obtain the vertical track alignment in order to determine whether the track needs to be repaired. The developed system has been validated by comparing its results to the actual state of the track provided by a track monitoring trolley. Comparison is made both by graphical and statistical methods. Real data come from measurements taken on Line 1 of the Alicante tram network (Spain). This paper presents the data collecting procedure, the mathematical processing of the accelerations and the analysis of the track condition.Real Herráiz, JI.; Montalban Domingo, ML.; Real, T.; Puig, V. (2012). Development of a system to obtain vertical track geometry measuring axle-box accelerations from in-service trains. Journal of Vibroengineering. 14(2):813-826. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/56930S81382614

Numerical Modelling of Building Vibrations due to Railway Traffic: Analysis of the Mitigation Capacity of a Wave Barrier

[EN] Transmission of train-induced vibrations to buildings located in the vicinity of the track is one of the main negative externalities of railway transport, since both human comfort and the adequate functioning of sensitive equipment may be compromised. In this paper, a 3D FEM model is presented and validated with data from a real track stretch near Barcelona, Spain. Furthermore, a case study is analyzed as an application of themodel, in order to evaluate the propagation and transmission of vibrations induced by the passage of a suburban train to a nearby 3-storey building. As a main outcome, vertical vibrations in the foundation slab are found to be maximum in the corners, while horizontal vibrations keep constant along the edges. The propagation within the building structure is also studied, concluding that vibrations invariably increase in their propagation upwards the building. Moreover, the mitigation capacity of a wave barrier acting as a source isolation is assessed by comparing vibration levels registered in several points of the building structure with and without the barrier. In this regard, the wave barrier is found to effectively reduce vibration in both the soil and the structure.Ribes-Llario, F.; Marzal-Romeu, S.; Zamorano-Martín, C.; Real Herráiz, JI. (2017). Numerical Modelling of Building Vibrations due to Railway Traffic: Analysis of the Mitigation Capacity of a Wave Barrier. Shock and Vibration. 1-11. doi:10.1155/2017/4813274S11

Computational considerations of 3-D finite element method models of railway vibration prediction in ballasted tracks

The study of vibrations induced by a passing train is of utmost importance to understand better this phenomenon and to design efficient mitigation measures. Within all the techniques used to model vibrations, finite element methods allow introducing in the model detailed characteristics of the real vehicle-train-soil system. However, the accuracy of the results is linked to how detailed the real elements implemented in the model are and consequently, with the computing time. In this paper a three-dimensional finite element method to predict vibrations is developed and validated with real field-measured data. Then, different scenarios are represented to assess the efficiency of the model linking the quality of the results obtained with the calculation time required in each case. Finally, a reflection regarding the constitutive model of the materials when working with finite element models is done.Real Herráiz, JI.; Zamorano, C.; Hernández, C.; Comendador, R.; Real, T. (2014). Computational considerations of 3-D finite element method models of railway vibration prediction in ballasted tracks. Journal of Vibroengineering. 16(4):1709-1722. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/56992S1709172216

Study of wave barriers design for the mitigation ofrailway ground vibrations

Nowadays, the consolidation of the rail in highly populated areas has become a reality. Foundations, buildings, high accuracy devices and people are susceptible to suffer from vibrations induced by passing trains. Therefore, models for predicting ground vibrations are required in order to determine new mitigation measures. Rectangular open or in-filled trenches are a suitable solution to be used near constructed railway lines. Their installation is fast, easy and economic since no intrusion in the track is needed. In this work, the influence of the trench design on its effectiveness is analyzed considering a train moving with subsonic speed. A finite element model of the track has been developed and validated with real data registered along the tram network in Alicante (Spain). The analysis is carried out in the time domain considering the quasi-static movement of the vehicles. The results demonstrate that, in ascending order, the most relevant parameters in a trench are its width, depth and in-filled material or trench typology. However, it is also concluded that other conditions such as the stratification of soil are essential in order to determine an optimal design of a wave barrier.Real Herráiz, JI.; Galisteo Cabeza, A.; Real, T.; Zamorano Martín, C. (2012). Study of wave barriers design for the mitigation ofrailway ground vibrations. Journal of Vibroengineering. 14(1):408-422. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/4423740842214

Mechanical and Physical Properties of Polyester Polymer Concrete Using Recycled Aggregates from Concrete Sleepers

Currently, reuse of solid waste from disused infrastructures is an important environmental issue to study. In this research, polymer concrete was developed by mixing orthophthalic unsaturated polyester resin, artificial microfillers (calcium carbonate) and waste aggregates (basalt and limestone) coming from the recycling process of concrete sleepers. The variation of the mechanical and physical properties of the polymer concrete (compressive strenght, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, density, and water absorption) as analyzed based on the modification of different variables: nature of the recycled aggregates, resin contents (11 wt%, 12 wt%, and 13 wt%), and particle-size distributions of microfillers used. The results show the influence of these variables on mechanical performance of polymer concrete. Compressive an flexural strength of recycled polymer concrete were improved by increasing amount of polyester resin and by optimizing the particle-size distribution of the microfillers. Besides, the results show the feasibility of developing a polymer concrete with excellent mechanical behaviorCarrión, F.; Montalban Domingo, ML.; Real Herráiz, JI.; Real, T. (2014). Mechanical and Physical Properties of Polyester Polymer Concrete Using Recycled Aggregates from Concrete Sleepers. The Scientific World Journal. 2014. doi:10.1155/2014/526346S2014Gorninski, J. P., Dal Molin, D. C., & Kazmierczak, C. S. (2004). Study of the modulus of elasticity of polymer concrete compounds and comparative assessment of polymer concrete and portland cement concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 34(11), 2091-2095. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.03.012Tawfik, M. E., & Eskander, S. B. (2006). Polymer Concrete from Marble Wastes and Recycled Poly(ethylene terephthalate). Journal of Elastomers & Plastics, 38(1), 65-79. doi:10.1177/0095244306055569Gorninski, J. P., Dal Molin, D. C., & Kazmierczak, C. S. (2007). Strength degradation of polymer concrete in acidic environments. Cement and Concrete Composites, 29(8), 637-645. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.04.001Jo, B.-W., Park, S.-K., & Park, J.-C. (2008). Mechanical properties of polymer concrete made with recycled PET and recycled concrete aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 22(12), 2281-2291. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.10.009Hwang, E.-H., Kim, J.-M., & Yeon, J. H. (2013). Characteristics of polyester polymer concrete using spherical aggregates from industrial by-products. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 129(5), 2905-2912. doi:10.1002/app.39025Abdel-Fattah, H., & El-Hawary, M. M. (1999). Flexural behavior of polymer concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 13(5), 253-262. doi:10.1016/s0950-0618(99)00030-6Vipulanandan, C., Dharmarajan, N., & Ching, E. (1988). Mechanical behaviour of polymer concrete systems. Materials and Structures, 21(4), 268-277. doi:10.1007/bf02481825Sung, C.-Y., & Kim, Y.-I. (2012). Void ratio and durability properties of porous polymer concrete using recycled aggregate with binder contents for permeability pavement. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 126(S2), E338-E348. doi:10.1002/app.36974Saribiyik, M., Piskin, A., & Saribiyik, A. (2013). The effects of waste glass powder usage on polymer concrete properties. Construction and Building Materials, 47, 840-844. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.023Bărbuţă, M., Harja, M., & Baran, I. (2010). Comparison of Mechanical Properties for Polymer Concrete with Different Types of Filler. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 22(7), 696-701. doi:10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0000069Reis, J. M. L. dos, Nunes, L. C. S., Triques, A. L. C., Valente, L. C. G., & Bragaa, A. M. B. (2009). Mechanical characterization using optical fiber sensors of polyester polymer concrete made with recycled aggregates. Materials Research, 12(3), 269-271. doi:10.1590/s1516-14392009000300004Reis, J. M. L. dos, & Jurumenh, M. A. G. (2011). Experimental investigation on the effects of recycled aggregate on fracture behavior of polymer concrete. Materials Research, 14(3), 326-330. doi:10.1590/s1516-14392011005000060Corinaldesi, V. (2010). Mechanical and elastic behaviour of concretes made of recycled-concrete coarse aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 24(9), 1616-1620. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.02.031Kwan, W. H., Ramli, M., Kam, K. J., & Sulieman, M. Z. (2011). Influence of the amount of recycled coarse aggregate in concrete design and durability properties. Construction and Building Materials. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.06.059Rahal, K. (2007). Mechanical properties of concrete with recycled coarse aggregate. Building and Environment, 42(1), 407-415. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.07.033Kaewunruen, S., & Remennikov, A. M. (2009). Impact capacity of railway prestressed concrete sleepers. Engineering Failure Analysis, 16(5), 1520-1532. doi:10.1016/j.engfailanal.2008.09.026Avci, A., Akdemir, A., & Arikan, H. (2005). Mixed-mode fracture behavior of glass fiber reinforced polymer concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 35(2), 243-247. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.07.003Muthukumar, M., & Mohan, D. (2004). Studies on polymer concretes based on optimized aggregate mix proportion. European Polymer Journal, 40(9), 2167-2177. doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2004.05.004Haidar, M., Ghorbel, E., & Toutanji, H. (2011). Optimization of the formulation of micro-polymer concretes. Construction and Building Materials, 25(4), 1632-1644. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.10.010Kou, S.-C., & Poon, C.-S. (2013). A novel polymer concrete made with recycled glass aggregates, fly ash and metakaolin. Construction and Building Materials, 41, 146-151. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.083San-José, J. T., Vegas, I., & Ferreira, A. (2005). Reinforced polymer concrete: Physical properties of the matrix and static/dynamic bond behaviour. Cement and Concrete Composites, 27(9-10), 934-944. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2005.06.00

New Third Rail Implementation System for Conventional Railroad Tracks in Service

[EN] Two track gauges coexist in Spain, the Iberian gauge (1668 mm) and the international gauge (1435 mm). Solutions applied on the track were considered to improve the interoperability in Spain. First solution proposed was tracks with two-gauge-ready sleepers. This solution allows changing the gauge from Iberian to International gauge or from International to Iberian gauge. The need of two gauges evolved this solution to the third rail system with two-simultaneous-gauge sleepers. In this paper, a new third-rail track solution is proposed. This solution is a novel system based on the introduction of special concrete blocks between the existing sleepers to fasten the third rail. Thus, the conventional railroad track becomes in a double-simultaneous-gauge lines without needing change existing sleepers and make long traffic interruptions of the track like in common third-rail systems. In the present study, threedimensional numerical models are generated using finite-element method. The analysis of the vertical displacements of the top head of the rails, vertical stresses transmitted to the substructure layers and vertical track stiffness, demonstrate the good vertical performance of the new system compared to the conventional lines with dual-gauge-ready sleepers and the common third rail tracks.Montalbán-Domingo, L.; Zamorano-Martín, C.; Real Herráiz, JI.; Gomez Del Rey, L. (2018). New Third Rail Implementation System for Conventional Railroad Tracks in Service. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering. 22(2):622-628. doi:10.1007/s12205-017-0251-4S622628222Banimahd, M., Woodward, P., Kennedy, J., and Medero, G. (2013). “Three-dimensional modeling of high speed ballasted railway tracks.” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers–Transport, Vol. 166, No. 2, pp. 113–123, DOI: 10.1680/tran.9.00048.Choi, J. (2013). “Influence of track support stiffness of ballasted track on dynamic wheel-rail forces.” Journal of transportation engineering. Vol. 139, No. 7, pp. 709–718, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000543.Cuadrado, M., Zamorano, C., González, P., Nasarre, J., and Romo, E. (2008). “Analysis of buckling in dual-gauge tracks.” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers–Transport, Vol. 161, No. 4, pp. 177–184, DOI: 10.1680/tran.2008.161.4.177.Dahlberg, T. (2010). “Railway track stiffness variations–consequences and countermeasures”. International journal of civil engineering. Vol. 8, No. 1, pp.1–12Drucker, D. C. and Prager, W. (1952). “Soil mechanics and plastic analysis or limit design.” Quarterly of Applied Mathematics, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 157–165.Gallego, I. and López, A. (2009). “Numerical simulation of embankmentstructure transition design.” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit, Vol. 223, No. 4, pp. 331–343, DOI: 10.1243/09544097JRRT234.Gallego, I., López, A., Vieira, E. and Rivas, A. (2012). “Design of embankment-structure transitions for railway infrastructure.” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Transport. Vol. 165, No. 1, pp. 27–37, DOI: 10.1680/tran.8.00037.Gallego, I., Muñoz, J., Rivas, A., and Sánchez-Cambronero, S. (2011). “Vertical track stiffness as a new parameter involved in designing highspeed railway infrastructures.” Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 137, No. 12, pp. 971–979, DOI: 10.1243/09544097JRRT234.Ministerio de fomento/Secretaría de estado de Infraestructuras y Transportes (1999). Recomendaciones para el proyecto de plataformas ferroviarias, Centro de publicaciones, Madrid.Montalbán, L., Real, J., and Real, T. (2013). “Mechanical characterization of railway structures based on vertical stiffness analysis and railway substructure stress state.” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit, Vol. 227, No. 1, pp. 74–85, DOI: 10.1177/0954409712452348.Montalbán, L., Real, J., Zamorano, C., and Real, T. (2014). “Design of a new high lateral resistance sleeper and performance comparison with conventional sleepers in a curved railway track by means of finite element models.” Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol. 11, No. 7, pp.1238–1250.ORE committee D-117 (1983). Adaptation optimale de la voie classique au traffic de l’avenir, Rapport nº 27, Comportament des structures d’assise de la voie sous changes répétées. E.T.F., Paris.Pita, A. L., Teixeira, P. F., and Robusté, F. (2004). “High speed and track deterioration: the role of vertical stiffness of the track.” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit, Vol. 218, No. 1, pp. 31–40, DOI: 10.1243/ 095440904322804411.Puzavac, L., Popovic, Z., and Lazarevic, L. (2012). “Influence of track stiffness on track behaviour under vertical load.” PROMETTRAFFIC & TRANSPORTATION. Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 405–412Real, J., Gómez, L., Montalbán, L., and Real, T. (2012). “Study of the influence of geometrical and mechanical parameters on ballasted railway tracks design.” Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, Vol. 26, No. 9, pp. 2837–2844, DOI: 10.1007/s12206-012-0734-7.Santamaría, J., Herreros, J., Vadillo, E., and Correa, N. (2013). “Design of an optimized wheel profile for rail vehicles operating on two track gauges.” Vehicle System Dynamics, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 54–73, DOI: 10.1080/00423114.2012.711478.Teixeira, P. F. (2003). Contribution to the reduction of track maintenance costs by optimizing its vertical stiffness, PhD. Dissertation, Technical University of Catalonia, Barcelona

Design of a new high lateral resistance sleeper and performance comparison with conventional sleepers in a curved railway track by means of finite element models

The lack of lateral resistance in a curved railway track can produce misalignment problems due to the centrifugal forces when the trains pass through. Moreover, most of the times continuous welded rails (CWR) are used in nowadays railway tracks, which can induce the track buckling as a result of thermal loads caused by high temperature gradients. A new sleeper has been designed to provide higher lateral resistance of the track. A finite element model has been developed to analyze the lateral movements of an actual curved track subjected to lateral resistance problems. Then, variations on the finite element model have been made to study the response of the track when different sleepers are used. Thus, the performance of the different sleepers in the modeled track has been analyzed, resulting that the inclusion of the new sleeper in the track can improve the lateral resistance between 39 and 55 % with respect to a track with conventional sleepers made of wood or concrete.Montalban Domingo, ML.; Real Herráiz, JI.; Zamorano, C.; Real Herraiz, TP. (2014). Design of a new high lateral resistance sleeper and performance comparison with conventional sleepers in a curved railway track by means of finite element models. Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures. 11(7):1238-1250. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/55258S1238125011

Design and validation of a railway inspection system to detect lateral track geometry defects based on axle-box accelerations registered from in-service trains

Metropolitan railway transport has become an efficient solution to the mobility necessities in urban areas. Railway track maintenance tasks have to be improved and adjusted to metropolitan requirements, in particular the few hours available to operate due to the high frequency service offered. This paper describes and proposes an inertial monitoring system to detect and estimate track irregularities by using in-service vehicles. A new maintenance strategy is established, based on the railway track conditions and continuous monitoring is provided to do so. The system proposed consists of at least two accelerometers mounted on the bogie axle-box and a GPS (Global Positioning System). Lateral accelerations have been analyzed to study gauge and lateral alignment deviations. Accelerations have been treated and processed by high-pass filtering and validation has been carried out by comparison with measurements provided by a track monitoring trolley. Measurements were made on Line 1 of the Alicante metropolitan and tram network (Spain).Real, T.; Montrós Monje, J.; Montalban Domingo, ML.; Zamorano, C.; Real Herráiz, JI. (2014). Design and validation of a railway inspection system to detect lateral track geometry defects based on axle-box accelerations registered from in-service trains. Journal of Vibroengineering. 16(1):234-248. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/56935S23424816